Articles

</b>Background: </b>The Cingulo-Opercular Network (CON) is a crucial executive control network involved in regulating actions and facilitating higher-order cognitive processes. Resting-state functional connectivity between the CON and the Default Mode Network (DMN) plays a vital role in cognitive regulation, enabling the transition between internally focused and externally directed tasks. This study investigates whether resting-state functional connectivity between the CON and DMN mediates the effects of social determinants, such as educational opportunities and family structure, on cognitive outcomes in youth. <b>Aims: </b>This study aims to explore how CON-DMN connectivity influences the relationship between social gradients and cognition in youth. Specifically, it examines whether resting-state functional connectivity between these networks mediates the effects of educational opportunities and family structure on cognitive outcomes and seeks to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying these social gradients. <b>Methods: </b>Data were derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a large longitudinal dataset of over 11,000 children aged 9–10 years. Cognitive outcomes were assessed using standardized NIH toolbox measures: Total Composite, Fluid Reasoning, Picture Vocabulary, Pattern Recognition, and Card Sorting. Social determinants were operationalized using indicators such as parental education, family composition, and neighborhood educational opportunities (COI). Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the CON and DMN was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test whether CON-DMN rsFC mediated the relationship between social determinants and cognitive outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, and race/ethnicity. <b>Results: </b>Stable family structure and greater educational opportunities were significantly associated with improved cognitive performance. These relationships were mediated by reduced functional connectivity between the CON and DMN. <b>Conclusion: </b>Reduced functional connectivity between the CON and DMN serves as a neural mechanism linking social gradients, such as educational opportunities and family structure, to better cognitive outcomes in youth.

The purpose of the study was to examine the use of rewards and punishment to improve discipline in Yiadom Boakye Demonstration Junior High School students (JHS) in Berekum of Ghana. A qualitative approach was adopted for the study. A case study research design was used to analyse the study. The population for the study consisted of all the eight (8) teachers in the Yiadom Boakye Demonstration Junior High School (JHS). A purposive sampling technique was used to select the eight teachers and school for the study. The main instrument used for the study was an interview. The study concluded that rewards and punishment lead to a change in the behaviours of the students affecting their academic performance their courses. The study also concluded that reward policies are needed in teaching to improve student learning by fostering enthusiasm in learning; it arouses students’ interest in learning, and change their personality traits and posture in class. The study revealed that a good punishment minimises bad behaviour, once is not having any bases on the student academic life, then it will not worsen the plight of his or her academic life. It is recommended that the colleges of education in Ghana should collaborate with Ghana Education Service and National Teaching Council to organise workshops and seminars on the use of rewards and punishments in the classroom situation.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide and it has been a widespread concern. Japan had some problems in psychiatric wards such as long hospital stay. The purpose of this study investigated recognition of nurses in psychiatric wards for future care. We conducted questionnaire research for psychiatric nurses and they described recognition of nursing in free description. Qualitative analysis was performed on description. Results showed that six categories were chosen like “I<b>ncrease of stress and fatigue caused of infection control</b>,” “<b>Negative effects to body and mind of patients</b>,” “<b>Effects to nursing care in psychiatric nursing</b>,” “<b>Differences of attitude toward infection control in the hospital</b>,” “<b>Cognition for social </b><b>mo</b><b>vement </b><b>related to Coronavirus</b>,” and “<b>New </b><b>awareness </b><b>by Coronavirus infection and future</b><b>.</b><b>”</b> These results suggest the following, 1) some kind of supports will be needed for nurses’ stress for infection control, 2) supports or interventions for palliate of patients stress like limitation of prolonged quarantine, limit of visiting or home stay overnight, 3) integrated leaderships to cognition and behavior for infection control in a hospital.