Articles

Groundwater is undeniably crucial to people's lives, particularly in coastal regions. Therefore, it is imperative to address this vital water source strategically and implement a management plan to maintain its optimal state. The salinization of groundwater poses a significant challenge for coastal communities, stemming from factors like excessive groundwater extraction from coastal aquifers, reduced recharge, rising sea levels, climate change, and other causes. Saltwater intrusion (SWI) is a prevalent issue that needs attention, as it significantly threatens groundwater quantity and quality. SWI happens when saline water infiltrates coastal aquifers, contaminating freshwater supplies. This review article aims to define SWI, explore its causes and influencing factors, and discuss various monitoring techniques. Additionally, it examines different modeling methods and management tools, including remote sensing, field surveys, modeling approaches, and optimization techniques. To mitigate the adverse effects of SWI, several control measures are outlined, along with their pros and cons. The final section reviews previous SWI studies and case studies from the Nile Delta, Sinai Peninsula, and North-West coast in Egypt. These studies offer suggestions, adaptations, and mitigation measures for future research.