Physical Education and Sport (PES) For Quality Teacher Education

Universal Journal of Sport Sciences | Vol 4, Issue 1

Table 1. FINDINGS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTSPAPERS REVIEWED.

Country	Author	Academic Level	Sports/Physical Education	Design	Findings
USA	Fredricks and Eccles (2008)	7^th grade	school clubs, an organised school sports team, and an out-of-school recreational activity	analysis of covariance techniques	Organised activity participation was associated with higher than expected grades, school value (i.e. perception of the importance of school for the future), self-esteem, resiliency, and prosocial peers, and lower than expected risky behaviour
USA	Pellegrini et al. (1995)	Kindergarten, Grade 2, and Grade 4.	Recess	Experimental	inattention rates were higher before recess than after
Australia	Dollman et al. (2006)	All 450 South Australian government primary schools	PE curriculum time	Survey	There was a strong positive relationship between SES and academic attainment. There was no evidence that schools with relatively high PE time are disadvantaged learners in traditional academic subjects.
USA	Fredricks and Eccles (2006)	11th graders	participation in school clubs and organised sports	community-based longitudinal study	In general, when some prior self-selection factors were controlled, 11th graders' participation in school clubs and organised Sports was associated with concurrent indicators of academic and psychological adjustment and with drug and alcohol use. In addition, participation in 11th-grade school clubs and prosocial activities was associated with educational status and civic engagement 1 year after high school.
USA	Hawkins and Mulkey (2005)	The data collected from the 24,599 eighth-grade learners in 1,052 participating schools	Athletic participation	It is a quasi-exploratory, multivariate analytical approach.	These data offer evidence that athletic participation can and often does positively impact student motivation and engagement and that these positive benefits accrue to both male and female athletes.
USA	Pellegrini et al. (2002)	All of the ﬁrst grade classrooms in the two schools agreed to participate.	variety of boys’ games	Longitudinal	The study found that facilities with games forecast boys' social competence and both boys' and girls' adjustment to ﬁrst grade.
USA	Stephens and Schaben (2002)	136 eight graders	Athletic	Quantitative	Scholastic Sports participation increases GPA
Sweden	Ericsson (2006)	The study comprised 251 pupils, 152 and 99 in the intervention and control groups, respectively.	physical education and motor training	Intervention study	The results confirm the hypothesis that learners' motor skills improve with extended physical activity and motor training. However, the hypothesis that learners' attention will improve has yet to be confirmed. Although learners in the intervention groups have better attention in school year two than in the control group, the differences do not remain in school year 3. Several results in Swedish and Mathematics confirm the third hypothesis concerning academic achievements.
USA	Maeda and Randall (2003)	second-grade class in an elementary school (N=19) in Hawaii.	Physical activity	a multiple treatment reversal design	First, although there was a small positive effect on math fluency, there was no adverse effect. Second, the classroom teacher noted positive changes in learners' behaviour.
USA	Sallis et al. (1999).	Seven public elementary schools (1,538 learners participated)	Physical education	Experimental design	Despite devoting twice as many minutes per week to physical education as Controls, the health-related physical education program did not interfere with academic achievement. Health-related physical education may have favourable effects on learners' academic achievement.
USA	Mahar et al. (2006)	All kindergarten through fourth-grade learners (15 classes; three classes per grade level) at a public school	a classroom-based physical activity program called Energizers	A multiple baseline across-classroom design	A classroom-based physical activity program was effective for increasing daily in-school physical activity and improving on-task behaviour during academic instruction.
USA	Jarrett et al. (1998)	The participants were learners from 2 fourth-grade classes, each having 25 to 30 learners.	recess	Quantitative	A recess break appeared to have a renewing effect, decreasing their off-task and fidgety behaviours to below their prerecession levels.
USA	Harrison and Narayan (2003).	50,168 ninth-grade public school learners	School team sports	Quantitative	In summary, while participation in any activity generally appears to be better than nonparticipation, participation in Sports (alone or in conjunction with other activities) has a unique association with adequate exercise, milk consumption, healthy self-image, and a lower likelihood of emotional distress, suicidal behaviour, familial substance abuse, and physical and sexual abuse histories.
USA	Uhrich and Swalm (2007)	Grade 5 students from two classes in a K-8 parochial school in the mid-Atlantic region (N= 4 l)	bimanual activity (sport stacking)	Experimental	participation in a bimanual coordination program, using sport stacking as the activity, may improve Grade 5 learners' reading comprehension skills, regardless of sex.
Israel	Raviv and Low (1990)	Ninety-six learners, who were between the ages of 11 and 12 yr. and from junior high school,	physical education activities	The research design was 2 x 2 x 2 factorial
USA	McNaughten and Gabbard (1993)	120 sixth-grade learners (60 boys and 60 girls; mean age 11.3 yr.)	Physical education	repeated-measures factorial analysis of variance design	The present findings suggest that physical exertion affects the immediate arithmetic performance of sixth-grade learners.
UK	Dexter (1999)	the records and scripts for a sample of candidates for the 1995 GCSE examination in Physical Education administered by the Midland Examining Group, together with the candidates’ GCSE grades for English and Mathematics.	Physical education	a multilevel multivariate model	Football, badminton, hockey, netball and athletics all had low but highly significant positive correlations with GCSE English and GCSE Mathematics grades; rounders were significant for GCSE Mathematics, but basketball was not.
Canada	Ahamed et al. (2007)	All grade 4 and 5 learners (aged 9–11) who normally participated in school PE and returned signed consent forms were eligible to participate in the study. At baseline, parental consent was obtained for 396 learners (N = 198 boys, 198 girls).	Physical activity	a cluster randomized, controlled, school-based intervention trial	Despite dedicating approximately ten additional minutes of daily physical activity, we found that learners' academic performance was not compromised. C
USA	Wallhead et al. (2010)	Participants were 192 learners (97 boys, 95 girls; age range 9–15 years, M age = 10.9 years) and five teachers from four elementary and one junior high school in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States.	Sport Education	A single group pre/post-test prospective design	Physical Education Curriculum Model (SE) would increase autonomous motives in a Physical Education context, which would transfer in part into autonomous motivation to participate in the sports activity opportunity, especially when controlling for the effect of perceived support from other sources
Australia	Spittle & Byrne (2009)	Participants were 115 (male ¼ 97, female ¼ 18) Year-8 learners (aged 1314 years) in a Sport Education condition (n ¼ 41) and a Traditional condition (n ¼ 74).	Sports Education	is a non-equivalent control group design with pre-and post-test procedures.	The Sport Education condition was more successful in maintaining high levels of intrinsic motivation, task orientation, and mastery climate than the Traditional condition. That is, the Traditional condition was associated with a decrease in adaptive aspects of motivation for learners, whereas the Sport Education condition maintained existing levels of motivation.