Black-White Gap Across Levels of Educational Childhood Opportunities: Findings from the ABCD Study

Open Journal of Educational Research | Vol 4, Issue 6

Table 3. Summary of structural equation model (SEM)across educational childhood opportunity index (COI) levels

			B	SE	95%	CI	p
Lowest Educational COI
Age (Year)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.008	0.024	-0.056	0.040	0.757
Race (Black)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.125	0.026	-0.176	-0.074	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	6.991	0.470	6.070	7.911	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Reading Score	0.018	0.024	-0.029	0.065	0.457
Gender (Male)	à	Reading Score	0.009	0.024	-0.038	0.057	0.703
Race (Black)	à	Reading Score	-0.218	0.025	-0.268	-0.169	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Reading Score	5.312	0.461	4.409	6.216	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.030	0.026	-0.082	0.021	0.251
Gender (Male)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.068	0.026	0.017	0.119	0.009
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.032	0.028	-0.088	0.023	0.255
Race (Black)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.057	0.031	-0.003	0.117	0.062
Intercept	à	Perceived School Discrimination	2.262	0.490	1.301	3.223	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Depression	0.035	0.024	-0.013	0.083	0.152
Gender (Male)	à	Depression	0.063	0.024	0.015	0.111	0.010
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Depression	-0.066	0.027	-0.118	-0.013	0.014
Race (Black)	à	Depression	-0.040	0.029	-0.096	0.017	0.167
Intercept	à	Depression	-0.506	0.456	-1.400	0.387	0.267

Age (Year)	à	School Suspension	0.044	0.030	-0.014	0.102	0.141
Gender (Male)	à	School Suspension	0.189	0.029	0.132	0.246	< 0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	School Suspension	-0.079	0.033	-0.144	-0.015	0.016
Race (Black)	à	School Suspension	0.080	0.034	0.014	0.146	0.017
Intercept	à	School Suspension	-0.668	0.554	-1.753	0.418	0.228


Low Educational COI
Age (Year)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	0.020	0.028	-0.035	0.075	0.470
Race (Black)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.196	0.029	-0.253	-0.139	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	6.642	0.540	5.584	7.699	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Reading Score	0.000	0.028	-0.055	0.055	0.999
Gender (Male)	à	Reading Score	0.000	0.028	-0.055	0.055	0.996
Race (Black)	à	Reading Score	-0.205	0.029	-0.262	-0.149	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Reading Score	5.994	0.533	4.950	7.038	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.005	0.029	-0.053	0.062	0.878
Gender (Male)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.127	0.029	0.069	0.184	< 0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.038	0.032	-0.102	0.025	0.235
Race (Black)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.127	0.034	0.061	0.193	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Perceived School Discrimination	1.551	0.548	0.476	2.625	0.005

Age (Year)	à	Depression	0.001	0.028	-0.054	0.057	0.966
Gender (Male)	à	Depression	0.041	0.028	-0.014	0.096	0.147
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Depression	-0.052	0.031	-0.112	0.009	0.093
Race (Black)	à	Depression	-0.028	0.032	-0.092	0.035	0.381
Intercept	à	Depression	0.080	0.525	-0.949	1.109	0.878

Age (Year)	à	School Suspension	-0.029	0.035	-0.098	0.040	0.411
Gender (Male)	à	School Suspension	0.142	0.035	0.074	0.211	< 0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	School Suspension	-0.121	0.038	-0.195	-0.047	0.001
Race (Black)	à	School Suspension	0.149	0.038	0.075	0.223	< 0.001
Intercept	à	School Suspension	0.690	0.654	-0.591	1.971	0.291


Average Educational COI
Age (Year)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.058	0.024	-0.106	-0.011	0.015
Race (Black)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.130	0.025	-0.179	-0.082	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	8.133	0.463	7.226	9.041	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Reading Score	0.008	0.024	-0.039	0.055	0.743
Gender (Male)	à	Reading Score	-0.022	0.024	-0.070	0.025	0.353
Race (Black)	à	Reading Score	-0.158	0.025	-0.206	-0.109	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Reading Score	5.422	0.463	4.515	6.329	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.024	0.025	-0.073	0.025	0.331
Gender (Male)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.115	0.025	0.067	0.164	< 0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.049	0.027	-0.101	0.003	0.065
Race (Black)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.103	0.028	0.048	0.157	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Perceived School Discrimination	2.356	0.467	1.440	3.272	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Depression	0.036	0.024	-0.012	0.083	0.142
Gender (Male)	à	Depression	0.041	0.024	-0.007	0.088	0.094
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Depression	-0.086	0.026	-0.137	-0.036	0.001
Race (Black)	à	Depression	-0.051	0.027	-0.104	0.003	0.062
Intercept	à	Depression	-0.528	0.454	-1.418	0.362	0.245

Age (Year)	à	School Suspension	0.040	0.032	-0.023	0.103	0.215
Gender (Male)	à	School Suspension	0.124	0.032	0.061	0.186	< 0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	School Suspension	-0.118	0.034	-0.185	-0.050	0.001
Race (Black)	à	School Suspension	0.157	0.033	0.091	0.222	< 0.001
Intercept	à	School Suspension	-0.562	0.602	-1.742	0.619	0.351


High Educational COI
Age (Year)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.002	0.020	-0.042	0.037	0.913
Race (Black)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.047	0.021	-0.088	-0.007	0.023
Intercept	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	7.308	0.393	6.539	8.078	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Reading Score	0.015	0.020	-0.024	0.054	0.454
Gender (Male)	à	Reading Score	0.020	0.020	-0.019	0.059	0.313
Race (Black)	à	Reading Score	-0.128	0.020	-0.168	-0.088	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Reading Score	5.175	0.385	4.420	5.930	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.048	0.020	-0.087	-0.009	0.017
Gender (Male)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.105	0.020	0.066	0.145	0.000
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.081	0.021	-0.122	-0.040	0.000
Race (Black)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.189	0.022	0.146	0.232	0.000
Intercept	à	Perceived School Discrimination	3.111	0.380	2.366	3.857	0.000

Age (Year)	à	Depression	0.029	0.020	-0.009	0.068	0.138
Gender (Male)	à	Depression	0.068	0.020	0.030	0.107	0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Depression	-0.115	0.021	-0.156	-0.075	0.000
Race (Black)	à	Depression	-0.017	0.021	-0.059	0.025	0.423
Intercept	à	Depression	-0.455	0.376	-1.193	0.283	0.227

Age (Year)	à	School Suspension	0.088	0.028	0.034	0.142	0.002
Gender (Male)	à	School Suspension	0.107	0.027	0.053	0.160	0.000
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	School Suspension	-0.068	0.029	-0.124	-0.011	0.019
Race (Black)	à	School Suspension	0.109	0.028	0.055	0.163	0.000
Intercept	à	School Suspension	-1.489	0.523	-2.513	-0.464	0.004


Highest Educational COI
Age (Year)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.025	0.017	-0.058	0.007	0.131
Race (Black)	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	-0.033	0.017	-0.067	0.001	0.058
Intercept	à	Cognitive Function (Flanker)	7.597	0.321	6.968	8.227	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Reading Score	0.002	0.017	-0.030	0.035	0.893
Gender (Male)	à	Reading Score	-0.011	0.017	-0.044	0.021	0.489
Race (Black)	à	Reading Score	-0.069	0.017	-0.103	-0.035	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Reading Score	5.652	0.319	5.026	6.278	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.019	0.017	-0.052	0.013	0.247
Gender (Male)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.113	0.017	0.081	0.146	< 0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	-0.028	0.017	-0.062	0.006	0.108
Race (Black)	à	Perceived School Discrimination	0.099	0.018	0.063	0.134	< 0.001
Intercept	à	Perceived School Discrimination	2.790	0.318	2.167	3.413	< 0.001

Age (Year)	à	Depression	0.026	0.016	-0.006	0.058	0.114
Gender (Male)	à	Depression	0.038	0.016	0.006	0.070	0.022
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	Depression	-0.087	0.017	-0.120	-0.054	< 0.001
Race (Black)	à	Depression	0.001	0.018	-0.033	0.035	0.959
Intercept	à	Depression	-0.434	0.311	-1.043	0.176	0.163

Age (Year)	à	School Suspension	0.068	0.022	0.025	0.111	0.002
Gender (Male)	à	School Suspension	0.121	0.022	0.078	0.163	< 0.001
Family Structure (Married Family)	à	School Suspension	-0.061	0.022	-0.105	-0.017	0.007
Race (Black)	à	School Suspension	0.113	0.022	0.070	0.157	< 0.001
Intercept	à	School Suspension	-1.144	0.414	-1.956	-0.332	0.006