Higher-than Expected Social Security Reliance Among Educated Black Americans: Minorities' Diminished Returns in National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023

Table 1. Descriptives Overall and by Race

	All		White		Black
	%	SE	%	SE	%	SE
Race
White	83.50	0.57	-	-	-	-
Black	16.49	0.57	-	-	-	-
Education*
Less than High School	9.44	0.30	8.51	0.30	14.16	0.89
High School Graduate	55.92	0.46	54.71	0.50	62.08	1.04
Bachelor or More	34.62	0.50	36.77	0.55	23.74	0.92
Marital Status*
Other	50.29	0.45	46.56	0.47	69.17	1.03
Married	49.70	0.45	53.43	0.47	30.82	1.03
Last Week Employment*
Unemployed	43.23	0.44	43.19	0.47	43.40	1.11
Employed	56.76	0.44	56.80	0.47	56.59	1.11
Gender*
Female	50.67	0.40	50.12	0.42	53.46	1.04
Male	49.32	0.40	49.87	0.42	46.53	1.04
Social Security Income*
No	69.63	0.42	68.55	0.45	75.07	0.96
Yes	30.36	0.42	31.44	0.45	24.92	0.96
Social Security Disability Income*
No	90.52	0.27	91.47	0.28	85.68	0.83
Yes	9.47	0.27	8.52	0.28	14.31	0.83
Disability Benefit Income*
No	91.88	0.25	92.70	0.25	87.73	0.81
Yes	8.11	0.25	7.29	0.25	12.26	0.81
Income From Public Assistance*
No	96.89	0.17	97.38	0.16	94.43	0.62
Yes	3.10	0.17	2.61	0.16	5.56	0.62
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Age (Years)*	49.81	.18	50.55	.19	46.08	.39

Data Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2023.
* p < 0.05