Poverty Status at Birth Predicts Epigenetic Changes at Age 15

Table 4. Summary of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by Sex

Coefficient	std. err.	[95% conf.	interval]	P>z
Females
Maternal Education at Childbirth
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.19	0.05	-0.30	-0.08	0.001
Race (Black)	-0.19	0.05	-0.29	-0.08	0.001
Intercept	2.42	0.11	2.21	2.63	< 0.001
Income to Poverty Ratio at Childbirth
Maternal Education at Childbirth	0.46	0.04	0.39	0.54	< 0.001
Married Household at Childbirth	0.28	0.04	0.20	0.36	< 0.001
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.12	0.05	-0.21	-0.03	0.009
Race (Black)	-0.18	0.05	-0.27	-0.09	< 0.001
Intercept	0.04	0.12	-0.19	0.27	0.742
Married Household at Childbirth
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.15	0.05	-0.26	-0.05	0.005
Race (Black)	-0.25	0.05	-0.35	-0.14	< 0.001
Intercept	0.85	0.08	0.68	1.01	< 0.001
DNA Methylation (Age 15)
Income to Poverty Ratio at Birth	-0.06	0.05	-0.15	0.03	0.206
Intercept	4.53	0.16	4.21	4.85	< 0.001
Males
Maternal Education at Childbirth
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.20	0.05	-0.30	-0.10	< 0.001
Race (Black)	-0.17	0.05	-0.27	-0.07	0.001
Intercept	2.39	0.10	2.19	2.58	< 0.001
Income to Poverty Ratio at Childbirth
Maternal Education at Childbirth	0.40	0.04	0.32	0.49	< 0.001
Married Household at Childbirth	0.33	0.04	0.25	0.42	< 0.001
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.07	0.04	-0.16	0.01	0.095
Race (Black)	-0.18	0.04	-0.26	-0.09	< 0.001
Intercept	0.10	0.11	-0.13	0.32	0.400
Married Household at Childbirth
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.07	0.05	-0.18	0.03	0.144
Race (Black)	-0.22	0.05	-0.31	-0.12	< 0.001
Intercept	0.80	0.07	0.65	0.94	< 0.001
DNA Methylation (Age 15)
Income to Poverty Ratio at Birth	-0.13	0.05	-0.22	-0.04	0.005
Intercept	3.99	0.14	3.70	4.27	< 0.001

DNA methylation was measured using PhenoAge biological clock at age 15.