The Long Shadow of Early Poverty: Poverty at Birth, Epigenetic Changes at Age 15, And Youth Outcomes at Age 22

Current Research in Public Health | Vol 4, Issue 1

Table 4. Summary of Structural the Equation Modeling (SEM) by Sex

Coefficient	std. err.	95%	CI	p
Female
Maternal Education at Baseline
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.26	0.06	-0.38	-0.14	< 0.001
Race (Black)	-0.26	0.06	-0.37	-0.14	< 0.001
Intercept	2.55	0.12	2.32	2.79	< 0.001
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)
Maternal Education (Baseline)	0.45	0.04	0.37	0.53	< 0.001
Married Household	0.23	0.04	0.14	0.31	< 0.001
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.21	0.05	-0.31	-0.11	< 0.001
Race (Black)	-0.28	0.05	-0.38	-0.18	< 0.001
Intercept	0.29	0.14	0.02	0.56	0.033
Married Household
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.25	0.06	-0.36	-0.13	< 0.001
Race (Black)	-0.35	0.06	-0.47	-0.24	< 0.001
Intercept	1.05	0.10	0.86	1.24	< 0.001
Grim Age (Wave 6)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.10	0.05	-0.19	0.00	0.051
Intercept	13.18	0.47	12.25	14.10	< 0.001

High School Drop Out (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.11	0.05	-0.21	-0.01	0.025
Grim Age (Wave 6)	-0.02	0.05	-0.12	0.07	0.626
Intercept	0.74	0.67	-0.58	2.05	0.275

High School Discipline (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.22	0.05	-0.31	-0.12	< 0.001
Grim Age (Wave 6)	0.07	0.05	-0.02	0.17	0.136
Intercept	0.13	0.66	-1.16	1.42	0.844

YA SRH (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.04	0.05	-0.14	0.05	0.368
Grim Age (Wave 6)	0.09	0.05	-0.01	0.19	0.073
Intercept	1.19	0.68	-0.14	2.52	0.080

YA MDD (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	0.01	0.05	-0.09	0.12	0.775
Grim Age (Wave 6)	0.03	0.05	-0.08	0.14	0.584
Intercept	0.17	0.72	-1.24	1.58	0.815
Male
Maternal Education at Baseline
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.39	0.06	-0.50	-0.28	< 0.001
Race (Black)	-0.38	0.06	-0.49	-0.27	< 0.001
Intercept	2.77	0.11	2.55	2.98	< 0.001
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)
Maternal Education (Baseline)	0.39	0.05	0.30	0.48	< 0.001
Married Household	0.30	0.05	0.21	0.39	< 0.001
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.13	0.05	-0.23	-0.02	0.015
Race (Black)	-0.24	0.05	-0.34	-0.13	< 0.001
Intercept	0.23	0.15	-0.06	0.53	0.117
Married Household
Ethnicity (Latino)	-0.27	0.06	-0.39	-0.16	< 0.001
Race (Black)	-0.45	0.05	-0.56	-0.34	< 0.001
Intercept	1.24	0.09	1.07	1.41	< 0.001
Grim Age (Wave 6)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.17	0.05	-0.27	-0.07	0.001
Intercept	12.31	0.46	11.40	13.21	< 0.001
High School Drop Out (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.12	0.05	-0.22	-0.01	0.027
Grim Age (Wave 6)	0.05	0.05	-0.06	0.15	0.367
Intercept	-0.11	0.67	-1.43	1.20	0.864
High School Discipline (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.21	0.05	-0.30	-0.11	< 0.001
Grim Age (Wave 6)	0.18	0.05	0.08	0.28	< 0.001
Intercept	-0.94	0.64	-2.19	0.32	0.144
YA SRH (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	-0.06	0.05	-0.16	0.04	0.250
Grim Age (Wave 6)	0.06	0.05	-0.05	0.17	0.273
Intercept	1.50	0.68	0.17	2.83	0.027
YA MDD (Wave 7)
Poverty Ratio (Baseline)	0.00	0.06	-0.11	0.11	0.950
Grim Age (Wave 6)	0.03	0.06	-0.08	0.14	0.606
Intercept	0.25	0.71	-1.14	1.65	0.720